Section 1: 1752-1799 ----- Dustin Khuu



Dougherty, J.P. "Baroque and Picturesque Motif's in L'Enfant's Design for the Federal Capital." American Quarterly 26, no. 1 (1974): 23-36. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2711565 (accessed March 7, 2013).

           

Dougherty provides a descriptive and historical account of the founding and planning of Washington D.C. He describes L’Enfant’s city plan and compares them to the cities of Europe, in terms of their density, main boulevards, monuments, and baroque-style architecture. He also describes the conflict of visions between Jefferson and Washington. In accord with his pastoral anti-urban, anti-monarchy ideas, Jefferson envisioned a modest capital city with only a simple grid system and low density. Jefferson’s disagreement with Washington was one of the reasons Jefferson’s plan of the city did not get implemented, and instead L’Enfant was hired. Dougherty then chronicles the planning of the city, such as how the federal government acquired the land rights from inhabitants already living in the area.



Grant, U.S. "The L'Enfant Plan and its Evolution." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington D.C. 33, no. 31 (1932): 1-23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40067462 (accessed March 7, 2013).



Grant chronicles the evolution of L’Enfant’s plan for Washington D.C., such as the conceptualization and implementation. He briefly summarizes L’Enfant’s life history and how he came to work on the plan for the city. He discusses the details of the planning process, such as him coming up with the city plan in just twenty days. He discusses the process of how L’Enfant came to choose the locations for each of the main buildings and his analysis of the natural topography. Grant then analyzes some aspects of L’Enfant’s urban design of the avenues and spaces.

 

Harris, C.M.. "Washington's Gamble, L'Enfant's Dream: Politics, Design, and the Founding of the National Capital." The William and Mary quarterly 56, no. 3 (1999): 527-564. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2674560 (accessed March 7, 2013).



Harris’ article discusses the details that happened behind the scenes when deciding on the design and location of the new capital. He particularly focuses on the internal but civil disagreements that Washington and Jefferson had when deciding on a design for the city. Washington wanted a grand city similar to London or Paris, but Jefferson saw that as symbolizing the monarchy that they wanted to break free of from the Revolutionary War. Harris writes about Washington’s view of a more centralized government, as opposed to Jefferson’s idea of a nation of a Confederation of states. He then details the process of L’Enfant’s plan for the city, specifically his coordination with Washington’s ideas. Harris demonstrates that L’Enfant’s designs were mainly Washington’s idea for a grand city put into paper.



Peets, Elbert. "Famous Town Planner: III. L'Enfant: The City of Washington." The Town Planning Review 13 (1928): 30-49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40101727 (accessed March 7, 2013).



Peets’s article details L’Enfant’s plan for the design and structuring of Washington D.C. It covers the contest of choosing a new site for the nation’s capital and the location of Washington D.C. Peets then discusses what took place after the decision was made for the capital and the process of L’Enfant drafting his plan for the city, including surveying and planning, construction, finances, and regulations. He then analyzes the two main influences on L’Enfant’s plan, which were Versailles and London, and goes into detail the technicalities of his urban design, such as the diagonal avenues laid over a rectangular grid.

 

Peets, Elbert. "L'Enfant's Washington." The Town Planning Review 15, no. 3 (1933): 155-164. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40101062 (accessed March 7, 2013).



Peets analyzes and critiques the details of L’Enfant urban planning and design of Washington D.C. He looks at some of the features of L’Enfant’s designs in context, including his axial avenues, his zoning districts for different parts of the city, and his utilization of a certain type of plaza. Peets critiques L’Enfant’s plan for not incorporating any sort of civic center or civic plaza, and designating a business district. Instead, L’Enfant’s plan for the Federal City was completely dominated by the idea of a government city.



Fletcher, Kenneth. "A Brief History of Pierre L’Enfant and Washington, D.C. | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian Magazine." History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/brief-history-of-lenfant.html (accessed March 7, 2013).



"History of the U.S. Capitol Building | Architect of the Capitol." Home Page | Architect of the Capitol. http://www.aoc.gov/history/us-capitol-building (accessed March 7, 2013).



"The L'Enfant and McMillian Plans." U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America. http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/lenfant.htm (accessed March 7, 2013).



"Washington DC Genealogy: Early Georgetown." USGenWeb Sites. http://www.theusgenweb.org/dcgenweb/history/early_georgetown.shtml (accessed March 7, 2013).

 

 

Section 2: 1800-1860 ----- Jennifer Trinh



Dix, Gerald. “‘Washington on View: The Nation’s Capital Since 1790’ by John W. Reps.” The Town Planning Review, Vol. 63, No. 4 (Octover 1992): 452-454. Accessed 28 February 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27798231



This article is a book review on Washington on View. The Nation's Capital Since 1790 by John W. Reps. Despite its length, it is meaningful in putting the nation’s capital in an overall perspective in the planning process. In a short and meaningful few pages, it managed to grasp the overall plans of L’Enfant and his significance in the later processes of construction. Furthermore, it analyzed the political atmosphere in those years and how they interacting with the funding and construction of Washington DC. Overall, this article was exceptional at revealing the state of the capital over the years of its urban design and planning process.

 

Kelly, Patricia. “Washington in Ruins.” American Art, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Fall 2011): 112-125. Accessed 28 February 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/663956

           

Patricia Kelly’s article, “Washington in Ruins,” was successful in shaping a new understanding of the actions that led to the burning of the capital city. It brought to attention how the lack of funding towards the national capital’s defense and military operations, especially during a time of war, brought down the nation’s seat of government and gave birth to a nationalistic pride and spirit. In retrospect, I also believe this may have begun the support of funding towards military and defense spending in order to protect the physical symbol of the nation in Washington DC, Further analysis was spent on design that was later destroyed in the burning of the capital, and thus irrelevant to my topic of discussion.

Langley, Harold. “‘The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814’ by Anthony S.Pitch.” Journal of the Early Republic, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring, 1999): 126-127. Accessed 28 February 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3124930

           

Harold Langley’s review of the journal article “The Burning of Washington: The British Invasion of 1814” was a useful source at a short analysis of the main points of the incident and its aftermath. It was useful in my narrative in helping understand how most studies view the incident and how the people of the area reacted to the burning of a national city.

 

Morales-Vazques, Rubil. “George Washington, the President’s House, and the Projection of Executive Power.” Washington History, Vol. 16, No.1, (Spring/Summer, 2004): 36-53. Accessed 28 February 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40073580



This was meaningful in its analysis of George Washington’s involvement in the planning of Washington DC along with selecting the location of the President’s House, the White House. It laid out the relationship of place, space, and power that President Washington figured into the design and layout of the President’s House. He saw the physical symbolism of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches to be found in the built forms of Washington DC and sought to establish the presence of the executive branch in the area. While the size and the aesthetic designs were protested, President Washington rose in defense that it was a necessary endeavor as the nation grows in prosperity and wealth. Any future changes to the capital would lose its significance and historical value, so the executive buildings should be built as planned in order to stand as a symbol of its power and strength to last throughout the years. This article is relevant and useful as a study of Washington’s plans for the capital and the country and saw the executive buildings to be a symbol of national pride.



Gutheim, Frederick and Lee, Antoineet J. WORTHY OF THE NATION: Washington, DC, from L’Enfant to the National Capital Planning Commission, 2nd Edition. (Baltimore, Maryland: The John Hopkins University Press, 2006): 36-61.



"Washington, DC History." Washington DC. Last modified 27 October 2004. Accessed 16 February 2013. http://washington.org/DC-information/washington-dc-history

 

Image Sources:



Figure 1: Thompson, G. “The taking of the city of Washington in America.” Wood engraving. London: October 14, 1814. From Library of Congress: By Popular Demand: Portraits of the Presidents and First Ladies, 1789-Present. http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/presp:@field(NUMBER+@band(cph+3g04555)) (Accessed 18 February 2013)



Figure 2: Morales-Vazques, Rubil. “George Washington, the President’s House, and the Projection of Executive Power.” Washington History, Vol. 16, No.1, (Spring/Summer, 2004): 50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40073580 Accessed 28 February 2013.

 

 

Section 3: 1861 -1901 (Civil War/McMillan Plan) ---- Ryan Shaver



Census.gov. U. S. Census Bureau, 13 Sept. 2002. Web. <http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab23.pdf>.

White, Ronald C., Jr. The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 110. Print.

Ford, Paul Leicester, comp. Amendments Proposed in Congress by Senator John J. Crittenden : December 18, 1860. Yale.edu. The Avalon Project, n.d. Web. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/critten.asp>.

Ford, Paul Leicester. "Amendments Proposed by the Peace Conference, February 8-27, 1861." Yale.edu. The Avalon Project, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/peace.asp>.

United States. U.S. Capitol. Capitol Visitor Center. 1861 - 1865: A DEVASTATING CIVIL WAR. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. <http://www.visitthecapitol.gov/Exhibitions/civilwar/html/section2.html>.



United States. National Archives. NARA. To Protect and to Serve: The Records of the D.C. Metropolitan Police, 1861–1930. By John P. Deeben. N.p., Spring 2008. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2008/spring/metro-police.html>. Vol. 40, No. 1



“STREET RAILROADS." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.Vol. 21. Washington: Society, 1918. 26. Print.

Gallagher, Bill, and Ray Kukulski. Washington’s Trolley System: The Forces That Shaped It, The Benefits That Were Created And The Elements That Caused It’s Demise.Citizens Association of Georgetown. N.p., 7 Mar. 2009. Web. <http://www.cagtown.org/News/streetcar_opt.pdf>.

"STREET RAILROADS." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.Vol. 21. Washington: Society, 1918. 35. Print.

United States. National Archives and Records Administration. The District of Columbia Emancipation Act. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/dc_emancipation_act/>.

JOHNSTON, JAMES H. "The Divided Capital." The New York Times. N.p., 31 Aug. 2012. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/31/the-divided-capital/>.

United States. U.S. Capitol. Capitol Visitor Center. Lawmakers, Loyalty and the "Ironclad Oath," 1864. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <http://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/online/1851-to-1877/senate-1851-1877/lawmakers-loyalty-and-the-qironclad-oathq.html>.
 

United States. U.S. Department of the Interior. National Park Service. Civil War Defenses of Washington. N.p., June 2006. Web. <http://www.nps.gov/cwdw/planyourvisit/upload/Civial%20War%20defenses%20of%20Washington_final.pdf>.

United States. Architect of the Capitol. History of the U.S. Capitol Building. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://www.aoc.gov/history/us-capitol-building>.

Census.gov. U. S. Census Bureau, 13 Sept. 2002. Web. <http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab23.pdf>.

Bordewich, Fergus M. Washington: The Making of the American Capital. New York: Amistad, 2008. 272. Print.

United States. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875. 41st Cong., 3rd sess. Cong 428 Ch.62. Library of Congress, n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl>.



Laws of the District of Columbia, 1871-1872. Washington, D.C.: Chronicle Pub., 1872. Print. Harvard University



Evers, Donna. "The Boss of D.C." The Rise and Fall of Washington Visionary Alexander “Boss” Shepherd. Washington Life Magazine, 1 May 2007. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.washingtonlife.com/2007/05/01/the-boss-of-dc/>.

Schrenk, Prof. Dr. Christhard, comp. Adolf Cluss Project Washington DC. Career and Profession. Stadtarchiv Heilbronn and Adolf Cluss Project Washington DC., 2006. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. <http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington&sub=3.3>.

Schrenk, Prof. Dr. Christhard, comp. Adolf Cluss Project Washington DC. Adolf Cluss as the dominant architect for the Red Brick City. Stadtarchiv Heilbronn and Adolf Cluss Project Washington DC., 2006. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. <http://www.adolf-cluss.org/index.php?lang=en&content=w&topSub=washington&sub=3.5>.

Wilcox, Delos Franklin. Great Cities in America: Their Problems and Their Government. N.p.: Macmillan, 1913. Great Cities in America: Their Problems and Their Government. University of Wisconsin - Madison, 8 Sept. 2009. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=ha006514998>.



Gilmore, Matthew. "H-DC / DC History." Michigan State University. Humanities & Social Sciences Online, July 2001. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. <http://www.h-net.org/~dclist/engcomm.html>.

United States. Architect of the Capitol. Frederick Law Olmsted. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-grounds/frederick-law-olmsted>.

United States. U.S. Commission of Fine Arts. National Park Service. DESIGNING THE NATION'S CAPITAL: The 1901 Plan for Washington, D.C. By Jon A. Peterson. CFA, n.d. Web. <http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ncr/designing-capital/sec1.html>.

United States. The McMillan Senate Park Commission. U.S. House of Representatives. The McMillan Senate Park Commission: An Historical Overview. By Nelson F. Rimensnyder. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 1976. Web.Pg. 4



U.S. Congress. Senate, Committee on the District of Columbia.  Report of Senate Comittie on the District of Columbia on the Improvement of the Park System of the District of Columbia.  Senate Report No. 166.  57th Congress, 1st session.  Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Offic 1902, p. 19.

“The 1902 Report of the Senate Park Commission, Also Known as the McMillan Commission." THE NATIONAL MALL - THIRD CENTURY INITIATIVE - ABOUT THE MALL. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nationalmall.net/resource/mcmillan.html>.

"The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840-1917 / Jon A. Peterson." Miami University Libraries. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://www.lib.muohio.edu/multifacet/record/mu3ugb3020744>. Chapter 5



McMillan Plan. Digital image. National Park Service. N.p., n.d. Web. <http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/ncr/designing-capital/images/plate4.jpg>.

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Section 4: McMillan Plan to Present ----- Matt Goodman



Capper, Arthur. "Plans to Beautify the National Capital." Congressional Digest 6, no. 12 December 1927): 339-340. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2013).



In the article, “Plans to Beautify the National Capital,” Senator Capper provides a succinct summary in the financing plan to build the national Mall. Washington DC, at one point, was in need of a major overhaul, and the McMillan plan was the remedy to creating a long lasting National Mall; something for residents to be proud of. Capper focuses on the financial aspect of the McMillan plan and how various commissions and boards were created to promulgate the plan. Senator Capper cites the need for open public space so that the citizens can enjoy nature, and create a sense of place that the citizens can enjoy.



Feldman, Judy Scott. "A Third Century Mall." National Parks 79, no. 3 (Summer2005 2005): 20-196. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2013).

           

In “A Third Century Mall,” the author focuses on bringing the National Mall into a “unified entity,” meaning creating a vision that that will last into the future (Feldman p. 20). The article shows how the National Mall was a part of the City Beautiful Movement, and how it meshes with the beliefs of Senator McMillan, the sponsor of the McMillan Plan. In addition, the article analyzes how the future renovations to the national Mall need to be consistent with architecture and context of L’Enfants plan and the original McMillan plan (Feldman p. 20).

 

"Plan Calls for Renovated National Mall in Washington, DC." This Week In Washington (July 11, 2008): 3. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2013).

                       

In this article, the author talks about how there is a recent proposal to update the national Mall. This article was focusing on infrastructure and the need for better, more pedestrian friendly access to the nation’s landmarks. After World War II, Washington DC experienced a boom in development, but since then, there has not been much activity in regards to large infrastructure projects. Also, the new proposed plan has been criticized due to its cost, but has largely received positive support from the public and decision makers. Lastly, the National Capital Framework Plan, what the document is referred to, calls for rerouting highways and expanding the subway to ease congestion and afford the opportunity for better public access to DC’s main attractions in and around the National Mall.



Schuetz, Jenny, Rachel Meltzer, and Vicki Been. "31 Flavors of Inclusionary Zoning: Comparing Policies From San Francisco, Washington, DC, and Suburban Boston." Journal Of The American Planning Association 75, no. 4 (September 2009): 441-456. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed March 5, 2013).



In this article, the authors talk about the practice of inclusionary zoning in Washington DC, Boston, and San Francisco, and their respective policies. The article cites a few problems with recent policies that favor inclusionary zoning; like, for example, the rising price of “affordable” housing. The article compares these three cities on their objectives of the policies and critiques them to find short falls in the cities’ affordable housing programs. In addition, the lack of money being allocated to affordable housing is seen as the main reason for all three cities’ affordable housing problem (Schuetz et al).

 

Website Sources



"Commission of Fine Arts." US Government. http://www.cfa.gov/about/index.html (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

"DC Office of Zoning." http://dcoz.dc.gov/about/history3.shtm (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

"National Capital Planning Commission." http://www.ncpc.gov/ncpc/Main(T2)/About_Us(tr2)/Ab (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

National Park Service. "Cultural Landscape." National Park Service. http://www.nps.gov/nationalmallplan/Documents/Stud (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

"Union Station: Washington DC." http://www.unionstationdc.com/info/infohistory

"Washington Metropolitan Area Tranit Authority." http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/ (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

"Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority." http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/docs/metrofacts.p (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

"Washinton Metropolitan Area Transit Authority." http://www.wmata.com/about_metro/docs/history.pdf (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

Wright, Bill. "History of Union Station." http://www.washingtonunionstation.com/history.html (accessed Mar 4, 2013).

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Image Sources



Figure 1: Source: Wikipedia URL: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/McMillan_Plan.jpg/300px-McMillan_Plan.jpg

Figure 2: Source: Wikipedia URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_McMillan.jpg

Figure 3: Source: Wikipedia URL: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/National_Mall_circa_1908_-_Washington_DC.jpg

Figure 4: Source: hdcreme URL: http://hdrcreme.com/photos/26679-Union-Station-Washington-DC

Figure 5: Source: seewashingtondc.net URL: http://www.travelthisworld.com/images/usa-wash-dc-metro-map.png

Figure 6: Source: DC Zoning Office URL: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=washington+dc+zoning+map&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSUwlBZfCufahNgBo_1CxCwjKcIGi0KKwgBEgWrAREWFBogb-eI0cdznTa2p5LdZ2hIb5V87IB6R-t057qEuphLWAgMCxCOrv4IGgAMIXumTzIM1I_10&sa=X&ei=964zUe2_IcKnigLr0YDQCw&ved=0CCgQwg4&biw=1600&bih=750

 

 

Section 5: A Look to the Future: The Comprehensive Plan ------ Saahill Jain



Ewing, Reid, Keith Bartholomew, Steve Winkelman, Jerry Walters, and Geoffrey Anderson. "Urban Development and Climate Change." Journal of Urbanism. 1. no. 3 (2008): 201-216. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17549170802529316 (accessed March 2, 2013).

           

This article addresses how urban development and climate change are both advancing and can work together to make development more environmentally friendly.  The authors focus the majority of their research on transportation and its role in urban planning.  If transportation becomes more of a focus with urban development, then it can significantly help limit pollution and emissions.  The article concludes with suggestions for the country to move more towards compact development and away from sprawl, focusing on compact development will reduce greenhouse gas emissions more so than other possible actions, and reaching a sustainable CO2 level is not possible through vehicle and fuel technology advancements alone but can be reached with reduction in vehicle miles travelled.

 

Kaiser, Edward J., and David R. Godschalk . "Twentieth Century Land Use Planning." Journal of the American Planning Association. 61. no. 3 (1995): 365-385. http://www.urban.illinois.edu/courses/UP447/Fall10/Twentieth Century Land Use Planning.pdf (accessed March 2, 2013).

           

Kaiser and Godschalk discuss how land use planning evolved and changed in the 20th century by going from elite, City Beautiful designs and styles to broad, participatory strategies for change in the urban world.  They analyze and talk about several general plans for cities like Seattle and Berkeley and show how the plans are like family trees with roots in the past and branches that expand to multiple elements.  Additionally, the authors show how the different features of plans such as land use maps, time horizon, and capital improvements have changed between general plans in 1950 and in 1990.  Finally, they conclude how new technology and information highways will affect planning and development in the coming years and that land use development will continue to evolve.



Manning, Daniel D. "Multicultural Washington, DC: the changing social and economic landscape of a post-industrial metropolis." Ethnic and Racial Studies. 21. no. 2 (2010): 328-355. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/014198798330043 (accessed March 2, 2013).

           

In this article, the authors address the changing landscape that came about in Washington DC from the late 18th century and to the middle 20th century.  The author highlights how the city evolved with the influx of residents of multiple backgrounds and how that has influenced the city today.  Washington DC is a very diverse city that has had issues with a widening socio-economic divide and a shift in immigrant settlement patterns.  The authors conclude that historical political and economic factors have led to urban-suburban inequality.  Lastly, Washington DC has evolved significantly since the early days of the city but political and economic struggles still remain.

 

Wolf, James F. "Urban Governance and Business Improvement Districts: The Washington, DC BIDs."International Journal of Public Administration. 29. (2006): 53-75. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01900690500408981 (accessed March 2, 2013).

           

The author, Wolf, discuss what business improvement districts are and how they are expanding in Washington DC.  The article highlights several key elements of business improvement districts.  Additionally, he goes into great detail about the four BIDs that are currently present in the nation’s capital: Downtown, Georgetown, Golden Triangle, and Capitol Hill.  Finally, the article highlights the importance of the public/private partnerships represented by the BIDs, the importance of BIDs in urban public administration, and public governance.

Washington DC Office of Planning, (2006). 2006 comprehensive plan . Retrieved from Office of Planning website: http://planning.dc.gov/DC/Planning/Across the City/Comprehensive Plan/2006 Comprehensive Plan

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mage Sources



Figure 1: Washington City Paper

DePillis, L. (Photographer). (2006). District of columbia comprehensive future land use plan. [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/housingcomplex/2010/11/30/council-tweaks-comprehensive-plan-good-news-for-charter-schools-mixed-use-development/



Figure 2: Flick River

(2007). Washington, dc georgetown's m street at dusk. (2007). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.flickriver.com/photos/army_arch/1397113300/

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Figure 3: Transportation Nation

Hilgen, J. (Photographer). (2011). Dc traffic. [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://transportationnation.org/2011/09/27/study-motorists-spend-most-time-in-traffic-in-dc-chicago-and-la/dc-traffic-2/

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Figure 4: Wikipedia

(2012). Linha verde curitiba brt 02. (2012). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_Integrada_de_Transporte

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Figure 5: Google Images

McCarthy, M. (Photographer). (2007). Washington dc: Row houses in eastern market neighborhood. [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.city-data.com/picfilesc/picc28708.php

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Figure 6: Google Images

Jackson, T. (Photographer). (n.d.). A national mall accessible to all. [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.pva.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=ajIRK9NJLcJ2E&b=6350111&ct=11615021

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Figure 7: DC Living Real Estate

(2012). Rock creek park. (2012). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://dcliving.com/neighborhoods/crestwood/

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Figure 8: www.inc.com

(2010). Office buildings on new york avenue nw, washington, d.c.. (2010). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.inc.com/news/articles/2010/10/washington-dc-rents-top-those-in-nyc.html

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Figure 9: Google Images

(2008). Dc's first leed platinum office building. (2008). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.jetsongreen.com/2008/08/pnc-planning-wa.html

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Figure 10: National Parks Traveler

(2012). Photo of lincoln memorial down towards washington monument and beyond. (2012). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2013/01/interior-secretary-orders-national-park-service-better-manage-national-mall22730

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Figure 11: Google Images

(1902). Mcmillian plan for washington dc. (1902). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://www.avenuedstereo.com/modern/washington1902.jpg

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Figure 12: About.com Architecture

(2010). West front of the us capitol building in washington dc. (2010). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/ig/Historic-Styles/Neoclassical-Style.-0cN.htm

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Figure 13: About.com Architecture

(2010). Union station in washington dc. (2010). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from http://architecture.about.com/od/usa/ig/Washington-DC/Union-Station.htm

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Figure 14: Google Images

Geraghty, B. (Photographer). (2009). Great public spaces: Adams morgan (washington, dc). [Web Photo]. Retrieved from ; http://www.pps.org/blog/great-public-spaces-adams-morgan-washington-dc/